Industrial wastewater often contains considerable amounts of toxic pollutants that would endanger public health and the environment. In developing countries, these toxins are often discharged into natural ecosystems without pretreatment as it requires costly treatment processes, which causes long-term harmful socioeconomic impacts. Employing wastewater treatment plants using physical, biological, and chemical methods to clean the wastewater is considered by many nations the answer to the environmental crises. The treated water could be used for targeting the irrigation systems in its majority, as it is biologically acceptable for that specific use, which economizes the use of freshwater sources for municipal use specifically. This study presents a novel method for fabricating an efficient adsorbent sheet for wastewater treatment. The sheets are fabricated by combining sugarcane bagasse pulp as a scaffold with commercial, naturally activated carbon and bimetallic-prepared adsorbents. Fava beans and algae biomass are utilized in the production of activated carbon because of their high carbon contents, availability, and low cost. The prepared composite sheets are synthesized and investigated for several pollutants’ removal such as methyl orange, crystal violet dyes, and chromium heavy metals. These pollutants are selected due to the high discharge amount and toxic effect on aquatic life. FT-IR and SEM analyses are used to characterize the samples. To determine the mechanism of adsorption, the intra-particle diffuse, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order kinetic models are used to test the experimental data. All the prepared sheets can retain the pollutants, with the best removal efficiency of 96.24% for methyl orange adsorption onto the bio-composite mixed sheet. For methyl orange, the error values and correlation coefficient R2of 0.971 and 0.951 shows that the Temkin isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model, respectively, are capable of providing the highest goodness of fit for the experimental data. The results of the isotherms and kinetics parameter sets provided valuable proof that the adsorption of methyl orange onto the bio-composite sheet is an endothermic phenomenon involving both chemical and physical adsorption. © World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2023.All rights reserved
Adsorption as an Emerging Technology and Its New Advances of Eco-Friendly Characteristics: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis
Water contamination with paints causes a colour agent to the water that negatively affects the environment, organisms, and humans. Different physicochemical processes are applied for wastewater treatment; however, they have many drawbacks such as high cost, generating toxic waste, and non-effective at low concentrations. Adsorption is considered a promising technique for pollutant removal from polluted wastewater. Commercial activated carbon, nano-materials, and natural biological materials are used as adsorbents in adsorption. This chapter focuses on discussing the adsorption process, the factors affecting the adsorption, different adsorption materials, and the isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Irene Samy Fahim and Lobna A. Said; individual chapters, the contributors.
Applied Techniques for Wastewater Treatment: Physicochemical and Biological Methods
Polluted water is one of the significant challenges facing the world nowadays, especially with the noticed water shortage recorded in the last period. Different treatment methods, physicochemical and biological, were presented for pollutant removal from polluted wastewater. This review discusses the treatment methods starting from the biological part to help reduction of organics, which are solids that appear in the wastewater. After that, the physicochemical techniques will be discussed as a second part of the treatment process to minimize the heavy metal, dyes, and other pollutants. Additionally, filtration techniques and advanced treatment processes will be discussed as the final steps in the water treatment systems and how they were used to finally sterilize the water after the treatment processes. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Irene Samy Fahim and Lobna A. Said; individual chapters, the contributors.
Experimental investigation of methyl-orange removal using eco-friendly cost-effective materials raw fava bean peels and their formulated physical, and chemically activated carbon
The discharge of effluents from dye industries into water streams poses a significant environmental and public health risk. In response, eco-friendly adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, such as Fava Bean Peels (R–FBP), have been investigated as potential materials for the removal of such pollutants. In this study, R–FBP and their corresponding physical and chemically activated carbon (P-RFB-AC and C-FBP-AC) were synthesized using H3PO4 acid and characterized using FT-IR, and SEM analyses. An optimization process was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for achieving high Methyl Orange (M. Orange) removal efficiencies using the prepared materials, namely R–FBP, P-RFB-AC, and C-FBP-AC. The adsorption mechanism was examined by analyzing the isotherm and kinetics. The results revealed that the physical raw-activated carbon exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 96.8% compared to other materials. This outcome was achieved through the use of ANN combined with Moth Search Algorithm (MSA), which was found to be the most effective model for achieving the highest M. Orange removal efficiency from Physical raw fava bean activated carbon. Under parameters of 1000 mg/l M. Orange concentration, 2 g/l dose, 15 min contact time, and 120 rpm shaking, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for physical-activated carbon fava bean rind were 96.8 RE%, 96.01 indicated RSM RE%, and 95.75 predicted ANN RE%. The highest experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon fava bean peel were 94%RE. This study aimed to develop an economical solution for treating industrial wastewater contaminated with anionic M. Orange dye using raw fava bean peel and their generated activated carbon, in both physical and chemical forms. The Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models were found to best fit the data for raw fava bean peel, while Temkin agreed well with the data from physical-activated carbon. Temkin and Freundlich’s models were fitted with the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon. Pseudo-second-order kinetics was identified as the most suitable model for both physically and chemically activated carbons. Future research may explore the capacity of the produced activated carbon-based algae to extract a wider range of contaminants from contaminated wastewater. In summary, this work contributes to the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective methods for removing dyes, specifically M. Orange, from industrial effluents. By synthesizing and characterizing R–FBP and their relative activated carbon, the adsorption mechanism was studied, and the optimum conditions for achieving high M. Orange removal efficiencies were determined. The results showed that physical raw-activated carbon exhibited the highest removal efficiency, and pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model for both physically and chemically activated carbon. © 2023 The Authors
A review of coagulation explaining its definition, mechanism, coagulant types, and optimization models; RSM, and ANN
The textile business is one of the most hazardous industries since it produces several chemicals, such as dyes, which are released into water streams with ef-fluents. For the survival of the planet’s life and the advancement of humanity, water is a crucial resource. One of the anthropogenic activities that pollute and consume water is the textile industry. Thus, the purpose of the current effort is to Apply coagulation as a Physico-chemical and biological treatment strat-egy with different techniques and mechanisms to treat the effluent streams of textile industries. The discharge of these effluents has a negative impact on the environment, marine life, and human health. Therefore, the treatment of these effluents before discharging is an important matter to reduce their adverse ef-fect. Many physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies for contaminants removal from polluted wastewater have been proposed. Coagulation is thought to be one of the most promising physico-chemical strategies for removing con-taminants and colouring pollutants from contaminated water. Coagulation is accompanied by a floculation process to aid precipitation, as well as the collection of the created sludge following the treatment phase. Different commercial, and natural coagulants have been applied as a coagulants in the process of coagulation. Additionally, many factors such as; pH, coagulant dose, pollu-tants concentration are optimized to obtain high coagulants removal capacity. This review will discuss the coagulation process, coagulant types and aids in addition to the factors affecting the coagulation process. Additionally, a brief comparison between the coagulation process, and the other processes; princi-ple, advantages, disadvantages, and their efficiency were discussed throgh the review. Furthermore, it discusses the models and optimization techniques used for the coagulation process including response surface methodology (RSM), ar-tificial neural network (ANN), and several metaheuristic algorithms combined with ANN and RSM for optimization in previous work. The ANN model has more accurate results than RSM. The ANN combined with genetic algorithm gives an accurate predicted optimum solution. © 2023 The Authors
Crystal violet removal using bimetallic Fe0–Cu and its composites with fava bean activated carbon
Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe0– Cu), and fava bean activated carbon-supported bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (AC-Fe0-Cu) are synthesized and characterized using DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The maximum removal capacity is demonstrated by bimetallic Fe0–Cu, which is estimated at 413.98 mg/g capacity at pH 7, 180 min of contact duration, 120 rpm shaking speed, ambient temperature, 100 ppm of C.V. dye solution, and 1 g/l dosage. The elimination capability of the H2SO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent is 415.32 mg/g under the same conditions but with a 150 ppm C.V. dye solution. The H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent achieves a removal capacity of 413.98 mg/g under the same conditions with a 350 ppm C.V. dye solution and a 1.5 g/l dosage. Optimal conditions for maximum removal efficiency are determined by varying pH (3–9), time intervals (15–180 min), and initial dye concentrations (25–1000 ppm). Kinetic and isothermal models are used to fit the results of time and concentration experiments. The intra-particle model yields the best fit for bimetallic Fe0–Cu, H2SO4 chemical AC- Fe0–Cu, and H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu, with corrected R-Squared values of 0.9656, 0.9926, and 0.964, respectively. The isothermal results emphasize the significance of physisorption and chemisorption in concentration outcomes. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed to optimize the removal efficiency. RSM models the efficiency and facilitates numerical optimization, while the ANN model is optimized using the moth search algorithm (MSA) for optimal results. © 2023
Review of activated carbon adsorbent material for textile dyes removal: Preparation, and modelling
Water contamination with colours and heavy metals from textile effluents has harmed the ecology and food chain, with mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on human health. As a result, removing these harmful chemicals is critical for the environment and human health. Various standard physicochemical and biological treatment technologies are used; however, there are still some difficulties. Adsorption is described as a highly successful technology for removing contaminants from textile-effluents wastewater compared to other methods. Several adsorbent materials, including nanomaterials, natural materials, and biological biomasses, are identified as effective adsorbents for textile effluents. Activated carbon preparation from these different adsorbents is an excellent pre-treatment to remove the adsorption capacity. Therefore, through this study various adsorbent types, especially activated carbon adsorbents will be discussed in addition to the factors affecting adsorption and models applied for optimising the adsorption process. © 2022
Potentials of algae-based activated carbon for the treatment of M.orange in wastewater
Activated carbon is a promising material with high efficiency in dye removal from polluted wastewater. However, commercial activated carbon is expensive and generates black color in the medium. Therefore, searching for low-cost, eco-friendly activated carbon sources such as agricultural wastes and algal biomasses is essential. Hence, this study is directed to prepare the physical and the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon from the algae ”Sargassum dent folium” and the raw algae itself and apply it for Methyl Orange (M. orange) removal from contaminated wastewater and compare its performance with the commercial activated carbon. First, adsorbent materials are prepared and involved in the optimization process for M. orange removal using some preliminary experiments, followed by Response Surface Method-ology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Finally, Isotherm and kinetics are studied to explain the adsorption mechanism. In contrast to other materials, results show that physical algae-activated carbon achieves the maximum removal efficiency of 96.687%. These results are obtained from ANN combined with Moth Search Algorithm (MSA), representing the most effective model for achieving the highest M. orange removal efficiency from Physical algae activated carbon. In the algae case, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies are 85.9407 RE%, 88.5 indicated RSM RE%, and 85.9431 predicted ANN RE%. The best observed and predicted removal efficiencies for the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon are 89.6157 RE%, 82.38 predicted RSM RE%, and 89.5442 predicted ANN RE%. The best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for the physical-activated carbon are 94.7935 RE%, 95.49 indicated RSM RE%, and 95.4298 predicted ANN RE%. The best observed and predicted removal efficiencies for the commercial-activated carbon are 92.2659 RE%, 96.65 predicted RSM RE%, and 92.2658 predicted ANN RE%. In the algae case, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies are 85.9407 %RE, 88.5 predicted RSM RE %, and 85.9431 expected ANN RE%. For the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies are 89.6157%RE, 82.38 indicated RSM RE%, and 89.5442 predicted ANN RE%. For the physical-activated carbon, the best observed and predicted removal efficiencies are 94.7935 %RE, 95.49 predicted RSM RE%, and 95.4298 indicated ANN RE%. For the commercial-activated carbon, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies are 92.2659 %RE, 96.65 predicted RSM RE%, and 92.2658 predicted ANN RE%. This study intends to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with the anionic M. orange dye using raw algae and their generated activated carbon (physical and chemical forms), which are economical. It then compares the results to the effectiveness of commercial activated carbon. In the state of the raw algae, Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models best suit the data, while Temkin agrees well with the data from physical-activated carbon. Temkin and Freundlich’s models are fitted with the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon. The model that fits the raw algae physically activated carbon and H3PO4 chemical-activated carbon the best is pseudo-second-order kinetics. Future research could examine the produced activated carbon-based algae’s capacity to extract more contaminants from contaminated wastewater. This study intends to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with the anionic M. orange dye using raw algae and their generated activated carbon (physical and chemical forms), which are economical. It next compares the results to the effectiveness of commercial activated carbon. © 2023 The Authors
Commercial Versus Natural Activated Carbon Fabricated Sheets: Applied to Dyes Removal Application
Industrial dyes are considered one of the main causes of increased water pollution of water. Many businesses, such as steel and paper, are located along riverbanks because they require large amounts of water in their manufacturing processes, and their wastes, which contain acids, alkalis, dyes, and other chemicals, are dumped and poured into rivers as effluents. For example, chemical enterprises producing aluminum emit a significant quantity of fluoride into the air and effluents into water bodies. Fertilizer facilities produce a lot of ammonia, whereas steel plants produce cyanide. Many nations consider employing wastewater treatment plants using physical, biological, and chemical methods to clean the wastewater to address environmental crises. The treated water can be used for targeting the irrigation systems in its majority, as it is biologically acceptable for that specific use, industrial dyes are considered one of the leading causes of increased water pollution of water. Many businesses, such as steel and paper, are located along riverbanks because they require large amounts of water in their manufacturing processes, and their wastes, which contain acids, alkalis, dyes, and other chemicals, are dumped and poured into rivers as effluents. For example, chemical enterprises producing aluminum emit a significant quantity of fluoride into the air and effluents into water bodies. Fertilizer facilities produce much ammonia, whereas steel plants produce cyanide. Chromium salts are used in. Many nations consider employing wastewater treatment plants using physical, biological, and chemical methods to clean the wastewater to address environmental crises. The treated water can target the majority of irrigation systems, as it is biologically acceptable for that specific use, which economizes the use of freshwater sources for municipal use. This study presents a novel method for fabricating an efficient adsorbent sheet for wastewater treatment. The sheets are fabricated by combining sugarcane bagasse pulp as a scaffold with commercial, naturally activated carbon, and bimetallic-prepared adsorbents. Sugarcane bagasse is utilized in producing activated carbon because of its high carbon contents, availability, and low cost. The prepared composite sheets are synthesized and investigated for pollutants removal of crystal violet (CV), methyl orange (MO), and Chromium (CI) dyes. Different weight ratios of activated carbon are used to form a bio-composite mixed sheet. The formed sheets’ morphology is performed via a high scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). To determine the adsorption mechanism, the intra-particle diffuse screening experiment is used to test the experimental data. All the prepared sheets can retain the pollutants, with the best removal efficiency of 98% for methyl orange adsorption onto the bio-composite mixed sheet. The results of the parameter (time, concentration, and dose) sets provided valuable proof that the adsorption of methyl orange onto the bio-composite sheet mixed with naturally activated carbon is an endothermic phenomenon involving physical adsorption. © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Crystal violet removal using algae-based activated carbon and its composites with bimetallic Fe0-Cu
The textile industry is considered a source of pollution because of the discharge of dye wastewater. The dye wastewater effluent has a significant impact on the aquatic environment. According to the World Bank, textile dyeing, and treatment contribute 17 to 20% of the pollution of water. This paper aims to prepare the bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe0-Cu), algae-activated carbon, and their composites (AC-Fe0-Cu), which are employed as adsorbents. In this paper, Synthetic adsorbents are prepared and examined for the adsorption and removal of soluble cationic crystal violet (CV) dye. The influence of synthetic adsorbents on the adsorption and removal of soluble cationic crystal violet (CV) dye is investigated using UV-V spectroscopy at different pH (3-10), time intervals (15-180) min, and initial dye concentrations (50-500 ppm). Raw algae exhibit an impressive 96.64% removal efficiency under the following conditions: pH 7, contact time of 180 min, rotational speed of 120 rpm, temperature range of 25 °C-30 °C, concentration of 300 ppm in the CV dye solution, and a dose of 4 g l?1 of raw algae adsorbent. The best removal efficiencies of Raw algae Fe0-Cu, and H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu are 97.61 % and 97.46 %, respectively, at pH = 7, contact time = 150 min, rotational speed = 120 rpm, T = (25-30) °C, concentration = 75 ppm of CV dye solution, and 1.5 g l?1 doses of raw algae F e0-Cu adsorbent and 1 g l?1 dose of H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent. The maximum amounts (q max) of Bi-RA and RA adsorbed for the adsorption process of CV are 85.92 mg g?1 and 1388 mg g?1, respectively. The Bi-H3A-AC model, optimized using PSO, demonstrates superior performance, with the highest adsorption capacity estimated at 83.51 mg g?1. However, the Langmuir model predicts a maximum adsorption capacity (q e ) of 275.6 mg g?1 for the CV adsorption process when utilizing Bi-H3A-AC. Kinetic and isothermal models are used to fit the data of time and concentration experiments. DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM are used to characterize the prepared materials. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to model the removal efficiency and then turned into a numerical optimization approach to determine the ideal conditions for improving removal efficiency. An artificial neural network (ANN) is also used to model the removal efficiency. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.