Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe0– Cu), and fava bean activated carbon-supported bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (AC-Fe0-Cu) are synthesized and characterized using DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The maximum removal capacity is demonstrated by bimetallic Fe0–Cu, which is estimated at 413.98 mg/g capacity at pH 7, 180 min of contact duration, 120 rpm shaking speed, ambient temperature, 100 ppm of C.V. dye solution, and 1 g/l dosage. The elimination capability of the H2SO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent is 415.32 mg/g under the same conditions but with a 150 ppm C.V. dye solution. The H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent achieves a removal capacity of 413.98 mg/g under the same conditions with a 350 ppm C.V. dye solution and a 1.5 g/l dosage. Optimal conditions for maximum removal efficiency are determined by varying pH (3–9), time intervals (15–180 min), and initial dye concentrations (25–1000 ppm). Kinetic and isothermal models are used to fit the results of time and concentration experiments. The intra-particle model yields the best fit for bimetallic Fe0–Cu, H2SO4 chemical AC- Fe0–Cu, and H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu, with corrected R-Squared values of 0.9656, 0.9926, and 0.964, respectively. The isothermal results emphasize the significance of physisorption and chemisorption in concentration outcomes. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed to optimize the removal efficiency. RSM models the efficiency and facilitates numerical optimization, while the ANN model is optimized using the moth search algorithm (MSA) for optimal results. © 2023
Preparation and Characterization of nZVI, Bimetallic Fe 0-Cu, and Fava Bean Activated Carbon-Supported Bimetallic AC-F e 0-Cu for Anionic Methyl Orange Dye Removal
Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), bimetallic Nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe 0- Cu), and fava bean activated carbon-supported with bimetallic Nano zero-valent iron-copper (AC-F e 0-Cu) were prepared and characterized by DLS, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The influence of the synthesized adsorbents on the adsorption and removal of soluble anionic methyl orange (M.O) dye was investigated using UV-V spectroscopy. The influence of numerous operational parameters was studied at varied pH (3–9), time intervals (15–180 min), and dye concentrations (25–1000 ppm) to establish the best removal conditions. The maximum removal efficiency of M.O. using the prepared adsorbent materials reached about 99%. The removal efficiency is modeled using response surface methodology (RSM). The Bimetallic Fe -Cu, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiency is 96.8% RE. For the H2SO4 chemical AC- Fe -Cu, the best experimental and removal efficiency is 96.25% RE. The commercial AC-Fe0–Cu, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiency is 94.93%RE. This study aims to produce low-cost adsorbents such as Bimetallic Fe0-Cu, and Fava Bean Activated Carbon-Supported Bimetallic AC-Fe0-Cu to treat the industrial wastewater from the anionic methyl orange (M.O) dye and illustrate its ability to compete H2SO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu, and commercial AC-Fe0-Cu. © 2023, The Author(s).
Experimental investigation of methyl-orange removal using eco-friendly cost-effective materials raw fava bean peels and their formulated physical, and chemically activated carbon
The discharge of effluents from dye industries into water streams poses a significant environmental and public health risk. In response, eco-friendly adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, such as Fava Bean Peels (R–FBP), have been investigated as potential materials for the removal of such pollutants. In this study, R–FBP and their corresponding physical and chemically activated carbon (P-RFB-AC and C-FBP-AC) were synthesized using H3PO4 acid and characterized using FT-IR, and SEM analyses. An optimization process was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for achieving high Methyl Orange (M. Orange) removal efficiencies using the prepared materials, namely R–FBP, P-RFB-AC, and C-FBP-AC. The adsorption mechanism was examined by analyzing the isotherm and kinetics. The results revealed that the physical raw-activated carbon exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 96.8% compared to other materials. This outcome was achieved through the use of ANN combined with Moth Search Algorithm (MSA), which was found to be the most effective model for achieving the highest M. Orange removal efficiency from Physical raw fava bean activated carbon. Under parameters of 1000 mg/l M. Orange concentration, 2 g/l dose, 15 min contact time, and 120 rpm shaking, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for physical-activated carbon fava bean rind were 96.8 RE%, 96.01 indicated RSM RE%, and 95.75 predicted ANN RE%. The highest experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon fava bean peel were 94%RE. This study aimed to develop an economical solution for treating industrial wastewater contaminated with anionic M. Orange dye using raw fava bean peel and their generated activated carbon, in both physical and chemical forms. The Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models were found to best fit the data for raw fava bean peel, while Temkin agreed well with the data from physical-activated carbon. Temkin and Freundlich’s models were fitted with the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon. Pseudo-second-order kinetics was identified as the most suitable model for both physically and chemically activated carbons. Future research may explore the capacity of the produced activated carbon-based algae to extract a wider range of contaminants from contaminated wastewater. In summary, this work contributes to the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective methods for removing dyes, specifically M. Orange, from industrial effluents. By synthesizing and characterizing R–FBP and their relative activated carbon, the adsorption mechanism was studied, and the optimum conditions for achieving high M. Orange removal efficiencies were determined. The results showed that physical raw-activated carbon exhibited the highest removal efficiency, and pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model for both physically and chemically activated carbon. © 2023 The Authors
A review of coagulation explaining its definition, mechanism, coagulant types, and optimization models; RSM, and ANN
The textile business is one of the most hazardous industries since it produces several chemicals, such as dyes, which are released into water streams with ef-fluents. For the survival of the planet’s life and the advancement of humanity, water is a crucial resource. One of the anthropogenic activities that pollute and consume water is the textile industry. Thus, the purpose of the current effort is to Apply coagulation as a Physico-chemical and biological treatment strat-egy with different techniques and mechanisms to treat the effluent streams of textile industries. The discharge of these effluents has a negative impact on the environment, marine life, and human health. Therefore, the treatment of these effluents before discharging is an important matter to reduce their adverse ef-fect. Many physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies for contaminants removal from polluted wastewater have been proposed. Coagulation is thought to be one of the most promising physico-chemical strategies for removing con-taminants and colouring pollutants from contaminated water. Coagulation is accompanied by a floculation process to aid precipitation, as well as the collection of the created sludge following the treatment phase. Different commercial, and natural coagulants have been applied as a coagulants in the process of coagulation. Additionally, many factors such as; pH, coagulant dose, pollu-tants concentration are optimized to obtain high coagulants removal capacity. This review will discuss the coagulation process, coagulant types and aids in addition to the factors affecting the coagulation process. Additionally, a brief comparison between the coagulation process, and the other processes; princi-ple, advantages, disadvantages, and their efficiency were discussed throgh the review. Furthermore, it discusses the models and optimization techniques used for the coagulation process including response surface methodology (RSM), ar-tificial neural network (ANN), and several metaheuristic algorithms combined with ANN and RSM for optimization in previous work. The ANN model has more accurate results than RSM. The ANN combined with genetic algorithm gives an accurate predicted optimum solution. © 2023 The Authors
FPGA Implementation of Reconfigurable CORDIC Algorithm and a Memristive Chaotic System with Transcendental Nonlinearities
Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) is a robust iterative algorithm that computes many transcendental mathematical functions. This paper proposes a reconfigurable CORDIC hardware design and FPGA realization that includes all possible configurations of the CORDIC algorithm. The proposed architecture is introduced in two approaches: multiplier-less and single multiplier approaches, each with its advantages. Compared to recent related works, the proposed implementation overpasses them in the included number of configurations. Additionally, it demonstrates efficient hardware utilization and suitability for potential applications. Furthermore, the proposed design is applied to a memristive chaotic system with different transcendental functions computed using the proposed reconfigurable block. The memristive system design is realized on the Artix-7 FPGA board, yielding throughputs of 0.4483 and 0.3972 Gbit/s for the two approaches of reconfigurable CORDIC. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
Active and passive sensitivity analysis for the second-order active RC filter families using operational amplifier: a review
This work is a review article that sheds light on the active and passive sensitivities of the active RC filters based on opamp. This work provides a detailed analysis through different filters realization criteria and sensitivity summary tables and quantitative insight by discussing the most significant. However, some are almost forgotten, filters families in the literature over decades. A detailed mathematical analysis for the passive sensitivity to compare the filters’ realizations is presented. The concept of dealing between filter design theory and filter design circuit realization is highlighted. Some filters families are chosen from the literature for the analysis. Some detailed specifications tables for each filter family are given. Monte Carlo simulation is carried out on some filters to compare their passive sensitivity. Furthermore, the effect of the active sensitivity of some filters is verified through simulation by adjusting the input common-mode voltage to lower the DC gain of the amplifier. The results of the simulation match with the theoretical analysis and the summary provided in the specifications tables. © 2022, The Author(s).
High-performance fractional anisotropic diffusion filter for portable applications
Anisotropic diffusion is one of the most effective methods used in image processing. It can be used to eliminate the small textures of an image while preserving its significant edges. In this paper, a new anisotropic diffusion filter is proposed based on a fractional calculus kernel rather than integer kernel to improve the overall performance of the filter. Integer and fractional anisotropic filters are implemented using the Genesys-2 FPGA kit to utilize the efficiency of parallelism in FPGAs. Integer and fractional anisotropic filters are tested against the achievable PSNR value vs the number of iterations. The proposed fractional anisotropic filter has a better PSNR value using a smaller number of iterations, reducing the power and area compared to integer anisotropic filter. The proposed filter can be used in image smoothing, edge detection, image segmentation, image denoising, and cartooning. In addition, the proposed filter reduces the power consumption by 58.2% compared to integer-order filters, which makes the proposed filter suitable for battery-based applications. © 2023, The Author(s).
On the Design Flow of the Fractional-Order Analog Filters Between FPAA Implementation and Circuit Realization
This work explicitly states the design flows of the fractional-order analog filters used by researchers throughout the literature. Two main flows are studied: the FPAA implementation and the circuit realization. Partial-fraction expansion representation is used to prepare the approximated fractional-order response for implementation on FPAA. The generalization of the second-order active RC analog filters based on opamp from the integer-order domain to the fractional-order domain is presented. The generalization is studied from both mathematical and circuit realization points of view. It is found that the great benefit of the fractional-order domain is that it adds more degrees of freedom to the filter design process. Simulation and experimental results match the expected theoretical analysis. © 2013 IEEE.
A Unified FPGA Realization for Fractional-Order Integrator and Differentiator
This paper proposes a generic FPGA realization of an IP core for fractional-order integration and differentiation based on the Grünwald–Letnikov approximation. All fractional-order dependent terms are approximated to simpler relations using curve fitting to enable an efficient hardware realization. Compared to previous works, the proposed design introduces enhancements in the fractional-order range covering both integration and differentiation. An error analysis between software and hardware results is presented for sine, triangle and sawtooth signals. The proposed generic design is realized on XC7A100T FPGA achieving frequency of 9.328 MHz and validated experimentally for a sine input signal on the oscilloscope. The proposed unified generic design is suitable for biomedical signal processing applications. In addition, it can be employed as a laboratory tool for fractional calculus education. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
CORDIC-Based FPGA Realization of a Spatially Rotating Translational Fractional-Order Multi-Scroll Grid Chaotic System
This paper proposes an algorithm and hardware realization of generalized chaotic systems using fractional calculus and rotation algorithms. Enhanced chaotic properties, flexibility, and controllability are achieved using fractional orders, a multi-scroll grid, a dynamic rotation angle(s) in two- and three-dimensional space, and translational parameters. The rotated system is successfully utilized as a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) in an image encryption scheme. It preserves the chaotic dynamics and exhibits continuous chaotic behavior for all values of the rotation angle. The Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm is used to implement rotation and the Grünwald–Letnikov (GL) technique is used for solving the fractional-order system. CORDIC enables complete control and dynamic spatial rotation by providing real-time computation of the sine and cosine functions. The proposed hardware architectures are realized on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using the Xilinx ISE 14.7 on Artix 7 XC7A100T kit. The Intellectual-Property (IP)-core-based implementation generates sine and cosine functions with a one-clock-cycle latency and provides a generic framework for rotating any chaotic system given its system of differential equations. The achieved throughputs are (Formula presented.) Mbits/s and (Formula presented.) Mbits/s for two- and three-dimensional rotating chaotic systems, respectively. Because it is amenable to digital realization, the proposed spatially rotating translational fractional-order multi-scroll grid chaotic system can fit various secure communication and motion control applications. © 2022 by the authors.