Industrial wastewater often contains considerable amounts of toxic pollutants that would endanger public health and the environment. In developing countries, these toxins are often discharged into natural ecosystems without pretreatment as it requires costly treatment processes, which causes long-term harmful socioeconomic impacts. Employing wastewater treatment plants using physical, biological, and chemical methods to clean the wastewater is considered by many nations the answer to the environmental crises. The treated water could be used for targeting the irrigation systems in its majority, as it is biologically acceptable for that specific use, which economizes the use of freshwater sources for municipal use specifically. This study presents a novel method for fabricating an efficient adsorbent sheet for wastewater treatment. The sheets are fabricated by combining sugarcane bagasse pulp as a scaffold with commercial, naturally activated carbon and bimetallic-prepared adsorbents. Fava beans and algae biomass are utilized in the production of activated carbon because of their high carbon contents, availability, and low cost. The prepared composite sheets are synthesized and investigated for several pollutants’ removal such as methyl orange, crystal violet dyes, and chromium heavy metals. These pollutants are selected due to the high discharge amount and toxic effect on aquatic life. FT-IR and SEM analyses are used to characterize the samples. To determine the mechanism of adsorption, the intra-particle diffuse, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order kinetic models are used to test the experimental data. All the prepared sheets can retain the pollutants, with the best removal efficiency of 96.24% for methyl orange adsorption onto the bio-composite mixed sheet. For methyl orange, the error values and correlation coefficient R2of 0.971 and 0.951 shows that the Temkin isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model, respectively, are capable of providing the highest goodness of fit for the experimental data. The results of the isotherms and kinetics parameter sets provided valuable proof that the adsorption of methyl orange onto the bio-composite sheet is an endothermic phenomenon involving both chemical and physical adsorption. © World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2023.All rights reserved
Mathematical modeling of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor in domestic wastewater treatment
This paper introduces a dynamic model to adequately describe an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor
Applied Techniques for Wastewater Treatment: Physicochemical and Biological Methods
Polluted water is one of the significant challenges facing the world nowadays, especially with the noticed water shortage recorded in the last period. Different treatment methods, physicochemical and biological, were presented for pollutant removal from polluted wastewater. This review discusses the treatment methods starting from the biological part to help reduction of organics, which are solids that appear in the wastewater. After that, the physicochemical techniques will be discussed as a second part of the treatment process to minimize the heavy metal, dyes, and other pollutants. Additionally, filtration techniques and advanced treatment processes will be discussed as the final steps in the water treatment systems and how they were used to finally sterilize the water after the treatment processes. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Irene Samy Fahim and Lobna A. Said; individual chapters, the contributors.
Adsorption as an Emerging Technology and Its New Advances of Eco-Friendly Characteristics: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis
Water contamination with paints causes a colour agent to the water that negatively affects the environment, organisms, and humans. Different physicochemical processes are applied for wastewater treatment; however, they have many drawbacks such as high cost, generating toxic waste, and non-effective at low concentrations. Adsorption is considered a promising technique for pollutant removal from polluted wastewater. Commercial activated carbon, nano-materials, and natural biological materials are used as adsorbents in adsorption. This chapter focuses on discussing the adsorption process, the factors affecting the adsorption, different adsorption materials, and the isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Irene Samy Fahim and Lobna A. Said; individual chapters, the contributors.
Carbon Nanomaterials and Their Composites as Adsorbents
Carbon nanomaterials with various nanostructures (carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, fullerene, nano diamonds, carbon quantum dots, carbon nanofibers, graphitic carbon nitrides, and nano porous carbons) are the decade’s most distinguishing and popular materials. They have distinctive physicochemical qualities such as chemical stability, mechanical strength, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivities, and so on. Furthermore, they are easily surface functionalized and tweaked, modifying them for high-end specific applications. Carbon nanostructures’ properties and surface characteristics are determined by the synthesis method used to create them. Nanoscience and nanotechnology have the potential to create materials with unexpected functions and qualities, which are transforming all industries. Carbon nanoparticles such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene stand out among the various kinds of nanomaterials. These nanoparticles offer a wide range of practical applications, particularly in adsorption processes. Carbon nanoparticles exhibit unique structures that could be used in the construction of extremely sensitive, selective, and effective adsorbent devices for the removal of inorganic, organic, and biological pollutants from water solutions, as well as nano sensors and drug delivery systems. In this chapter, we demonstrated the number of studies published in recent years that used carbon nanomaterials as adsorbents. Furthermore, this chapter discusses essential features of adsorption and different nanocarbon carbon composite material, such as the contrast between physical and chemical absorption. Furthermore, diverse carbon nanomaterial synthesis such as AC–FeO ?Cu and Bimetallic FeO ?Cu/algae activated carbon composites AC–Fe0 ?Cu methodologies, functionalization, and characteristics are provided and logically addressed. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Experimental investigation of methyl-orange removal using eco-friendly cost-effective materials raw fava bean peels and their formulated physical, and chemically activated carbon
The discharge of effluents from dye industries into water streams poses a significant environmental and public health risk. In response, eco-friendly adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, such as Fava Bean Peels (R–FBP), have been investigated as potential materials for the removal of such pollutants. In this study, R–FBP and their corresponding physical and chemically activated carbon (P-RFB-AC and C-FBP-AC) were synthesized using H3PO4 acid and characterized using FT-IR, and SEM analyses. An optimization process was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for achieving high Methyl Orange (M. Orange) removal efficiencies using the prepared materials, namely R–FBP, P-RFB-AC, and C-FBP-AC. The adsorption mechanism was examined by analyzing the isotherm and kinetics. The results revealed that the physical raw-activated carbon exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 96.8% compared to other materials. This outcome was achieved through the use of ANN combined with Moth Search Algorithm (MSA), which was found to be the most effective model for achieving the highest M. Orange removal efficiency from Physical raw fava bean activated carbon. Under parameters of 1000 mg/l M. Orange concentration, 2 g/l dose, 15 min contact time, and 120 rpm shaking, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for physical-activated carbon fava bean rind were 96.8 RE%, 96.01 indicated RSM RE%, and 95.75 predicted ANN RE%. The highest experimental and predicted removal efficiencies for the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon fava bean peel were 94%RE. This study aimed to develop an economical solution for treating industrial wastewater contaminated with anionic M. Orange dye using raw fava bean peel and their generated activated carbon, in both physical and chemical forms. The Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models were found to best fit the data for raw fava bean peel, while Temkin agreed well with the data from physical-activated carbon. Temkin and Freundlich’s models were fitted with the H3PO4 chemical activated carbon. Pseudo-second-order kinetics was identified as the most suitable model for both physically and chemically activated carbons. Future research may explore the capacity of the produced activated carbon-based algae to extract a wider range of contaminants from contaminated wastewater. In summary, this work contributes to the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective methods for removing dyes, specifically M. Orange, from industrial effluents. By synthesizing and characterizing R–FBP and their relative activated carbon, the adsorption mechanism was studied, and the optimum conditions for achieving high M. Orange removal efficiencies were determined. The results showed that physical raw-activated carbon exhibited the highest removal efficiency, and pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model for both physically and chemically activated carbon. © 2023 The Authors
A review of coagulation explaining its definition, mechanism, coagulant types, and optimization models; RSM, and ANN
The textile business is one of the most hazardous industries since it produces several chemicals, such as dyes, which are released into water streams with ef-fluents. For the survival of the planet’s life and the advancement of humanity, water is a crucial resource. One of the anthropogenic activities that pollute and consume water is the textile industry. Thus, the purpose of the current effort is to Apply coagulation as a Physico-chemical and biological treatment strat-egy with different techniques and mechanisms to treat the effluent streams of textile industries. The discharge of these effluents has a negative impact on the environment, marine life, and human health. Therefore, the treatment of these effluents before discharging is an important matter to reduce their adverse ef-fect. Many physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies for contaminants removal from polluted wastewater have been proposed. Coagulation is thought to be one of the most promising physico-chemical strategies for removing con-taminants and colouring pollutants from contaminated water. Coagulation is accompanied by a floculation process to aid precipitation, as well as the collection of the created sludge following the treatment phase. Different commercial, and natural coagulants have been applied as a coagulants in the process of coagulation. Additionally, many factors such as; pH, coagulant dose, pollu-tants concentration are optimized to obtain high coagulants removal capacity. This review will discuss the coagulation process, coagulant types and aids in addition to the factors affecting the coagulation process. Additionally, a brief comparison between the coagulation process, and the other processes; princi-ple, advantages, disadvantages, and their efficiency were discussed throgh the review. Furthermore, it discusses the models and optimization techniques used for the coagulation process including response surface methodology (RSM), ar-tificial neural network (ANN), and several metaheuristic algorithms combined with ANN and RSM for optimization in previous work. The ANN model has more accurate results than RSM. The ANN combined with genetic algorithm gives an accurate predicted optimum solution. © 2023 The Authors
Crystal violet removal using bimetallic Fe0–Cu and its composites with fava bean activated carbon
Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe0– Cu), and fava bean activated carbon-supported bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (AC-Fe0-Cu) are synthesized and characterized using DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The maximum removal capacity is demonstrated by bimetallic Fe0–Cu, which is estimated at 413.98 mg/g capacity at pH 7, 180 min of contact duration, 120 rpm shaking speed, ambient temperature, 100 ppm of C.V. dye solution, and 1 g/l dosage. The elimination capability of the H2SO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent is 415.32 mg/g under the same conditions but with a 150 ppm C.V. dye solution. The H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent achieves a removal capacity of 413.98 mg/g under the same conditions with a 350 ppm C.V. dye solution and a 1.5 g/l dosage. Optimal conditions for maximum removal efficiency are determined by varying pH (3–9), time intervals (15–180 min), and initial dye concentrations (25–1000 ppm). Kinetic and isothermal models are used to fit the results of time and concentration experiments. The intra-particle model yields the best fit for bimetallic Fe0–Cu, H2SO4 chemical AC- Fe0–Cu, and H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu, with corrected R-Squared values of 0.9656, 0.9926, and 0.964, respectively. The isothermal results emphasize the significance of physisorption and chemisorption in concentration outcomes. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed to optimize the removal efficiency. RSM models the efficiency and facilitates numerical optimization, while the ANN model is optimized using the moth search algorithm (MSA) for optimal results. © 2023
Preparation and Characterization of nZVI, Bimetallic Fe 0-Cu, and Fava Bean Activated Carbon-Supported Bimetallic AC-F e 0-Cu for Anionic Methyl Orange Dye Removal
Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), bimetallic Nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe 0- Cu), and fava bean activated carbon-supported with bimetallic Nano zero-valent iron-copper (AC-F e 0-Cu) were prepared and characterized by DLS, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The influence of the synthesized adsorbents on the adsorption and removal of soluble anionic methyl orange (M.O) dye was investigated using UV-V spectroscopy. The influence of numerous operational parameters was studied at varied pH (3–9), time intervals (15–180 min), and dye concentrations (25–1000 ppm) to establish the best removal conditions. The maximum removal efficiency of M.O. using the prepared adsorbent materials reached about 99%. The removal efficiency is modeled using response surface methodology (RSM). The Bimetallic Fe -Cu, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiency is 96.8% RE. For the H2SO4 chemical AC- Fe -Cu, the best experimental and removal efficiency is 96.25% RE. The commercial AC-Fe0–Cu, the best experimental and predicted removal efficiency is 94.93%RE. This study aims to produce low-cost adsorbents such as Bimetallic Fe0-Cu, and Fava Bean Activated Carbon-Supported Bimetallic AC-Fe0-Cu to treat the industrial wastewater from the anionic methyl orange (M.O) dye and illustrate its ability to compete H2SO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu, and commercial AC-Fe0-Cu. © 2023, The Author(s).
Modified fractional-order model for biomass degradation in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at Zenein Wastewater Treatment Plant
This paper presents a modified fractional-order model (FOM) for microorganism stimulation in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating low-strength wastewater. This study aimed to examine the famine period of methanogens due to biomass accumulation in the UASB reactor over long time periods at a constant organic loading rate (OLR). This modified model can investigate the substrate biodegradation in a UASB reactor while considering substrate diffusion into biological granules during the feast and famine periods of methanogens. The Grünwald-Letnikov numerical technique was used to indicate the effect of biomass degradation on the biogas production rate and substrate biodegradation in a UASB reactor installed at Zenein Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Giza, Egypt. Several fractional orders were applied in the dynamic model at biomass concentrations of 20 and 4 kg/ m3 in the reactor bed and blanket zones, respectively. An OLR of 0.9 kgCOD/ m3/ day using the calibrated kinetic parameters at 11 ?C was applied to comply with the experimental outcomes. The simulation results indicate that the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was maintained at approximately 55 – 65 % , whereas the biogas production rate declined from 0.35 to 0.05 m3CH4/ kgCODr in the reactor bed zone due to a decline in food to microorganism (F/M) ratio from 0.04 to 0.018 d- 1 during the sludge retention time (SRT) in the UASB reactor. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.